Imagine a story about a soldier, wounded by past battles, who is sent to a hostile, unfamiliar place filled with danger and overwhelming obstacles. He’s a stranger in a strange land – the geography and the climate are almost the antithesis of his native world. His orders are conflicting and at times crazy, he’s in conflict with his fellow soldiers and commander, and the indigenous people in this new world come at him with suspicion, hostility and aggression. Even his attempts to connect with the natives seem futile, and his efforts to fight for some kind of justice on their behalf lead to tragedy and death….
I find it fascinating that Avatar and The Hurt Locker – the two movies that duked it out for the 2009 Best Picture Oscar® – have so many common plot elements. Ultimately, The Hurt Locker won six Oscars®, including Best Original Screenplay to Mark Boal, while Avatar won three (and wasn’t even nominated in the screenplay category).
But The Hurt Locker made just under $50 million in worldwide theatrical box office, and only $16 million in the US and Canada. Avatar made $2.75 billion.
So why the huge difference?
The easy answer is to attribute it all to Avatar’s huge budget, amazing production values, and dazzling 3-D special effects. But all the technology in the world can’t, by itself, generate that kind of audience response. Otherwise a lot of previous big budget movies, and even James Cameron’s own 3-D documentaries, would have topped the billion-dollar mark. So Avatar’s success must have at least something to do with the story and screenplay.
I am not making any value judgment about the scripts for Avatar or The Hurt Locker. I thought both these movies were terrific – deserving of the praise they both received. And I would never maintain that big box office equals great art; too many fairly dreadful scripts have become blockbusters, and far too many wonderful screenplays fail to find a large audience.
But box office receipts are indicative of one thing: huge commercial hits have managed to reach a huge audience. The writers of these films were able to touch a lot of people with their stories. So popular films should certainly be studied to see how, exactly, their screenplays contributed to their success.
To me, the big distinction between the screenplay for Avatar and the screenplay for The Hurt Locker is that in Avatar, the hero has a clearly defined outer motivation; the hero of The Hurt Locker does not.
Outer motivation is my term for a character’s visible goal, the finish line the character is determined to cross by the end of the story. The hero’s outer motivation is the compelling desire that he or she is desperate to achieve, and the one that defines the story concept of the screenplay. So in Avatar, Jake Sully’s outer motivation is to stop the mercenary army from destroying the Na’vi.
This desire begins with Jake wanting to infiltrate the Na’vi tribe in order to gather information – to spy on them and figure out how to get them to leave so the unobtanium can be mined. This evolves into trying to stop the army from attacking them, and finally to leading the Na’vi in a war against the mercenaries. But these are all simply stages of accomplishing the same outer motivation: to stop the defeat of the Na’vi.
Any properly stated outer motivation creates an immediate image of what accomplishing that goal will look like on screen. As soon as we hear or read the words “stop the mercenaries from destroying the Na’vi”, we can imagine what that final battle might look like. We won’t know the details, and we won’t know the outcome, but the image is still clear.
It may sound odd, but when we go to the movies, we want to know as soon as possible how the movie will end. We want to know that we’re on a finite journey, one that will be brought to a clear, specific resolution. When the hero of your screenplay pursues a clearly defined, visible goal, you’ve given the audience (and the readers of your screenplay) something to root for. They now know exactly what they want to happen at the end of the movie, and they can envision and anticipate that climactic event throughout the story.
We don’t want to know whether the hero will succeed or fail (that would spoil the ending). And we don’t want to know exactly how the hero will achieve her goal. But we want to picture what success will look like if the hero is strong enough, and courageous enough, to achieve it.
Jake Sully actually pursues a second outer motivation in Avatar: to win the love of Neytiri. (Winning the love of another character is the hero’s outer motivation in every love story, and every romantic comedy.) Again, once we realize that winning her love is his goal, we can easily picture what success will look like on the screen: the couple will be united, or riding into the sunset together, at the end of the movie.
So in Avatar, we can easily picture the finish line that we’re rooting for the hero to cross at the climax of the screenplay and film. But in The Hurt Locker, we cannot.
Certainly we want Sergeant James, the hero of The Hurt Locker, to survive his tour of duty in Iraq. But survival doesn’t give us an end point or finish line. James is surviving every time he defuses another bomb, or avoids getting hit by sniper fire, or is out of range of an explosion. This goal takes us from minute to minute and scene to scene, but it doesn’t lead us to a clearly defined endpoint, one that we can clearly envision, and one that will give the story its climax.
Unlike Sully, Sergeant James is not trying to defeat an army, or win a war, or even win a specific battle. Nor is he trying to win a character’s love, or pursue someone sexually or romantically. In other words, there’s no outer motivation for the hero.
The Hurt Locker is what I categorize as an arena story – a story where the hero is thrown into an unfamiliar situation filled with conflict, where his only goal is to survive until he’s able to leave this hostile environment.
Arena movies are not about escape. Wanting to escape a threatening situation gives a hero a clear outer motivation (as in the movies Panic Room or Toy Story 3). And don’t confuse arena movies with movies that actually have arenas, like Rocky or Remember the Titans or The Karate Kid – those are all sports movies, where the goal is to win some competition at the climax of the film.
Other examples of arena stories would be The Queen (Queen Elizabeth must weather the controversy surrounding the death of Princess Diana), Under the Tuscan Sun (Frances wants to start a new life after her divorce), or The Devil Wears Prada (Andrea wants to move up in the world of journalism by working for the demanding editor of a top fashion magazine). These heroes are all like gladiators in an arena. Each enters a new situation, either by choice or by circumstance, and each faces overwhelming obstacles. But none pursues a specific outer motivation with a clearly defined endpoint. These heroes just have to keep going, hoping to be better off when their situation is resolved.
While there may be some romantic relationships in an arena story, the romantic pursuit has either already occurred (as with the married or romantically involved heroes of The Hurt Locker, The Queen and The Devil Wears Prada), or it comprises only a small part of the entire story (as in Under the Tuscan Sun). It is never an outer motivation that carries us through the entire film.
Arena stories, by definition, are very episodic. One desire or obstacle or crisis follows another. And while these episodes can be dramatic or funny or exciting, none propels us to a highly anticipated climax. Because of this, the emotional involvement of the reader and the audience is much more difficult to sustain. And while the examples I just gave were all commercial successes, only The Devil Wears Prada could be considered a blockbuster.
More to the point for screenwriters pursuing their next deal, even finding successful examples of arena movies is difficult. Because Hollywood overwhelmingly favors stories where the finish line is vivid, compelling and worth rooting for.
So I guess that breaking Bad would count as an ‘arena story’ due to its episodic nature of desire and crisis with only a vague outer motivation of ‘financial security after I’m gone’.
TDWPrada appears to have a vague but stated outer motivation of ‘survive a year and I can get a job anywhere’ which may explain why it performed better than the other ‘arena’ examples.
Rumble Fish might be a good arena example.
Al –
BREAKING BAD is an episodic TV series, so the concept doesn’t really apply. THE DEVIL WEARS PRADA is an excellent example. And it’s been so many decades since RUMBLE FISH I have no memory of it. But of vintage films I DO remember, M*A*S*H*, TO SIR WITH LOVE and SCENT OF A WOMAN would qualify as arena stories.
Are war movies in general more of an arena story? Platoon, Hacksaw Ridge, American Sniper, We Were Soldiers, Full Metal Jacket.
There are plenty of exceptions, Apocalypse Now, Saving Private Ryan, etc.
Do tension, violence, action serve as a replacement for outer motivation for the theater-goer?
I have just returned to screenwriting after a long absence. I met Michael when I took a workshop back in ’92 (he deconstructed City Slickers) and did a subsequent seminar at his house. I was “sold” on his approach immediately because it made sense to me, had the clarity I found lacking in other courses and books, and he writes so well and he’s so damn reasonable. So… On to The Hurt Locker. I hadn’t seen it til this afternoon (8/22/19) and I (no surprise) agree with what Michael wrote above, except that I never really did engage with Will as much as I engaged with the situations. The defusing of the bombs, the search in the abandoned building, the firefight in the desert– they were all tremendously compelling scenes. And because I’m human I wanted our guys to survive. But I felt more when Guy Pearce’s character was killed then at any other point in the film and I thought there would be more with the Lieutenant, because that was a lively and revealing scene. Ultimately, I would compare the movie, unfavorably, to The Sand Pebbles: a soldier thrown into an arena, a tragic story; much more compelling. (Hi, Michael!)
I love this article but take issue with some of the suggested outcomes. Avatar certainly made more money, but that does not make it an artistically better film. In the UK the Sun newspaper outsells its rivals but that does not mean it’s a better newspaper. What it suggests is that there is a larger population who prefer that type of newspaper. The same can be said of Avatar.
And so what if The Hurt Locker didn’t have a clearly defined hero. It had a fantastic beginning, middle and end plot. Moreover, audiences were able to engage more deeply with several characters but only for a time and not from beginning to end. To me this reflects real life. The hero’s we had at school may not be our hero’s today. Why? Because life is a series of events and not a continuum. The 2003 film 11:14 reflects this perfectly – there is no one hero but a great plot that connects the events.
And if 11:14 is an arena story it definitely does, event by event, propel us to a highly anticipated climax.
Films like Star Wars and alike will always attract large audiences. But thank heavens there are directors out there who have ditched the hero in favour of plots you can emotionally attach yourself to.